Wednesday, November 26, 2014

Oedipus the King: Synthesis

Initially I questioned Oedipus’ ability to be a leader. The first scene of the play demonstrates arrogance and poor communication.  Soon afterward Oedipus reveals secret information, thereby bringing into question his thought process. However as the play progressed, I noticed the positive characteristic of Oedipus’ leadership such as forward thinking, commitment, and determination. Although the latter can be beneficial, it can also have negative consequences as it causes him to be stubborn, dismissive, and quick tempered. Oedipus’ anger that accompanies this determination is easily provoked and demonstrates a lack of self-control. Additionally Oedipus’ engrossment in finding his true identity and ignoring the plague reveals that he is self-centered and easily distracted. Despite an overwhelming amount of negative characteristics, I found myself sympathizing with Oedipus when he suffered. Like many Greek heroes, Oedipus’ imperfection made him human, allowing me to connect with him and feel Oedipus was undeserving of such an unfortunate fate. This sense of identification causes Oedipus’ suffering to appear unjust and severe, but also demonstrates the power of the ethics of individual cultures.

From the play I have learned about the power and immortality of a society’s unwritten laws. As the chorus states there are laws to society that are even above the gods and to break them is one of the worst offenses one can commit. In the play Oedipus breaks two of them, incest and patricide, and quickly changes from being a highly respected hero and king to being ousted from power and so disgraceful that people, including himself, will not even look at him. The power of the unwritten laws is so extensive that the shame of Oedipus does not end with him but extends to his children. The second point the play reveals is man’s insignificance. Although man’s inferiority to the ancient gods is no longer as strong in modern society, man’s insignificance to forces greater than himself is still universally accepted in the modern age.

Oedipus the King: Quote 5

Quote
Now as we keep our watch and wait the final day,
count no man happy till he dies, free of pain at last. (1683-1684)

Analysis
As the main characters leave the stage, the chorus convenes and addresses the audience directly. This excerpt is the final lines of the play and therefore is the message the play wanted to communicate. The chorus warns that, as in the case of Oedipus, the gods can affect life-ruining events at anytime and happiness is temporary, except after death when one is “free of pain at last”. These final words by the chorus can have multiple effects on the audience. The first is telling the audience to enjoy life in the present as happiness can end at any moment. This is an appropriately timed message for the play because the play would have been performed during the festival of Dionysus, a time of great festivities. The second message of these lines is a warning to remain in good behavior during life to ensure death is truly freedom from pain. Since in ancient Greek mythology sprits are placed in respective areas in the afterlife according to their actions during their mortal life, the chorus establishes that a major goal in life is to obtain the eternal reward and avoid the eternal punishment. Finally, the most significant message in the final lines is the inferiority of man to the gods. Throughout the play multiple characters doubted the power and truthfulness of the gods. The final lines put end to any doubt and establish the gods as omnipotent.

Reaction
The message of death releasing one from pain and suffering caused me to make a connection to Christianity. Similar to the message the chorus is promoting as the final word of the play, Christianity promotes the idea that the primary goal in life is lead a pure life to secure a spot in heaven. Believing this, many Christians perceive death not as a time of morning, but rather as a time of celebration, as the deceased has moved on to a better place. This Christian belief is demonstrated in the gospel hymm “(There’ll Be) Peace In The Valley (Fore Me)” performed by Elvis Presley  The chorus’s lyrics’ are, “There’ll be no sadness, no sorrow, no trouble, trouble I see. There will be peace in the valley for me”. Clear parallels between the lyrics and the excerpt can be observed. The “sadness”, “sorrow”, and “trouble” of life mentioned in the song are the “pain” mentioned in the play, and the “free(dom) of pain” that death holds is analogous to “peace in the valley”. Since both Christianity and Ancient Greek mythology believed in the release from suffering in the afterlife I made the quick connection between the message in Oedipus the King and the ideals of Christianity.

Citation
Maureen712's channel. "Peace in the Valley - Elvis Presley. “ Online video clip. YouTube. YouTube, 20 Feb. 2010. Web. 26 Nov. 2014.
Presley, Elvis. "(There'll Be) Peace in the Valley (For Me)." Peace in the Valley. RCA, 1957. EP.

Sophocles. Oedipus the King. The Three Theban Plays. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Classics, 1984. Print.

Oedipus the King: Quote 4

Quote
Dark, horror of darkness
my darkness, drowning, swirling around me
crashing wave on wave – unspeakable, irresistible
headwind, fatal harbor! (1450-1453)

Analysis
In this excerpt Oedipus describes the agony he is experiencing to the chorus. He begins by branding his misery as darkness. Since the association of evil with darkness is a reoccurring connection made in the play, Oedipus’ use of “darkness / my darkness” helps create understanding that Oedipus considers himself evil. Oedipus continues to describe his misery to be “swirling around” him and “crashing wave on wave” creating the imagery of being in a storm. The imagery Oedipus creates has two effects. Firstly it demonstrates his lack of control over his fate. Secondly the wave imagery specifically communicates the multi-layering of his misfortune. Not only has Oedipus committed two crimes, incest and patricide, but the shame Oedipus has extends to multiple people, including all his children. The most notable analogy used by Oedipus is comparing the situation to being tossed towards a “fatal” shore. Oedipus’ analogy is effective in demonstrating his suffering and failure to serve Thebes because it alludes to an earlier plea made by the chorus when they say, “you who set our beloved land – storm-tosses, shattered – / straight on course. Now again, good helmsman, / steer us through the storm!”(765-767). Oedipus inability to be a “good helmsman” and captain the ship “through the storm” generated an understanding that Oedipus is no longer an effective leader.

Reaction
Map of Ancient Greece

The imagery of the sea allowed me to consider the importance of the sea to the Ancient Greeks. Since Ancient Greece, as displayed in the map, had many islands within the Aegean Sea, and was collection of city-states separated by mountainous terrain, communication over land was difficult making naval communication more prominent. As a result, a captain with the ability to navigate the seas was highly respected. This idea is reinforced by the play because Oedipus, a king, is compared to a master “helmsman”. The play and specifically this quote also creates and understanding that the seas were considered dangerous and were feared. Oedipus’ choice to use drowning in a storm as his analogy demonstrates that death on the seas was a terrifying ending that all can relate to.

Citation

Sophocles. Oedipus the King. The Three Theban Plays. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Classics, 1984. Print.

Oedipus the King: Quote 3

Quote
I tell you the truth, you gave me life
my breath leapt up in you
and now you bring down night upon my eyes. (1348-1350)

Analysis
After Oedipus runs off the stage upon realizing his true identity, the chorus sings about their new impression of Oedipus. They chant that although they respected him and his past achievements, his unfortunate destiny has led him to be impure, and they can no longer perceive him the same way. The chorus demonstrates their respect by saying “you gave me life”, a reference to Oedipus freeing Thebes from the captivity caused by the Sphinx. Since this was such a great accomplishment they placed Oedipus on a metaphorical pedestal, where their breath had to leap up to him. Despite the extensive respect they had, the revelation of Oedipus’ true identity and the crimes he committed causes disgrace. The chorus saying “you bring down night upon my eyes” clearly demonstrates this new perception of Oedipus, as it draws a comparison between  “night”, which is closely associated with darkness and evil, and Oedipus. Furthermore by saying Oedipus “bring(s) down night upon (their) eyes” is significant because “night” to the eyes symbolizes an inability to see and is part of the reoccurring theme of blindness.

Reaction
"Day to the Night"

“Day to the Night”
“Day to the Night” reflects the message communicated and emotion evoked by the quote. On the left is the “life” Oedipus brings to Thebes. A sun, the source of life, is drawn in place of a jewel of a crown and the head’s tilt upward, reflects self-pride. The swirls and plants around the head, inspired by Ancient Greek pottery, are also representative of the life Oedipus brings. The people below are in positions of praise, thereby reflecting how the citizen’s “breath leapt up to” Oedipus. On the right side is the “night” of Oedipus. The moon replacing the sun of the left side and the stars surrounding the head creates a sense of night. The face is tilted downward to create the feeling of shame, and to create a more dramatic effect between the face and the citizens, who are in positions of fear and disgust. Separating the day and night is a bold line. The line does not continue through the heads, which demonstrates that between night and day Oedipus is the same person, and evokes the emotion that Oedipus does not deserve the shame he faces.

Citation

Sophocles. Oedipus the King. The Three Theban Plays. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Classics, 1984. Print.

Oedipus the King: Quote 2

Quote
the crown the city gave me – I never sought it,
they laid it in my hands … Creon
… So hungry to overthrow me
he sets this wizard on me, this scheming quack,
this fortune-teller peddling lies, eyes peeled
for his own profit. (436-442)

Analysis
During Oedipus and Tiresias’ argument, when Oedipus declares that Creon wants to overthrow him and sends Tiresias as an accomplice, Oedipus demonstrates concern for his own authority, which is a common occurrence in the play. For example, one of the first instances of Oedipus’ concern is demonstrated when Oedipus discusses with Creon the assassin of King Laius stating, “whoever killed the king may decide to kill me too”(158). In the chosen expert (436-442) one explanation of Oedipus’ concern over his authority is his belief that he is not royal blood, and that he “never sought” to become king, but rather the citizens of Thebes “laid” kingship on him. By believing this, Oedipus feels insecure about his position of authority and feels out of place and underserving to be a king. This insecurity is a sudden change for Oedipus, for he was previously boasting of how deserving and qualified he was to be a leader. Another possible explanation for Oedipus expressing his worry is his impulsive behavior and rash decisions demonstrated throughout his argument with Tiresias. When Tiresias refused to share any information about the plague, Oedipus quickly became angry and instead of attempting to get information in a kingly and honorable manner, restored to insulting Tiresias. In addition to providing an explanation to his worries, Oedipus calling Tiresias a “scheming quack” who has no supernatural abilities, introduces a very radical idea. In Ancient Greece, oracles and other fortunetellers where highly respected and considered very sacred as they were the messengers of the gods. When Oedipus discredits Tiresias, he is discrediting a highly respected person, bringing into question if the gods’ words are set in stone. This radical question is brought up many times later in the play, and is ultimately answered by the outcome of the story.

Reaction
From Oedipus’ argument with Tiresias I lost respect for Oedipus because of his lack of self-control. While I understand Oedipus’ frustration with Tiresias’ unwillingness to cooperate during a time of crisis, I believe his actions were unprofessional as it was inappropriate for him to insult such a well-respected man and come to a quick conclusion regarding his closest official, Creon. Also Oedipus’ responses to Tiresias caused me to question the effectiveness of Oedipus as a leader. From his responses I can determine that Oedipus has a lack of self-confidence and self-control. Without these qualities Oedipus cannot carry out or defend crucial decisions or form allies, thereby is unable to function as an effective leader. Upon realizing these characteristics, I wonder if the Thebans have also noticed these characteristics and if so, do they have complete trust in Oedipus.

Citation

Sophocles. Oedipus the King. The Three Theban Plays. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Classics, 1984. Print.